- Plural - Singular

PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS
(İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ)

a)Çoğu isimin sonuna –s & -es takıları getirilir.

Singular Plural :
boat - boats
hat - hats
house - houses
river - rivers

b) Eğer bir ismin son sesi sessiz harf + y den oluşuyorsa, - ies ismin sonuna eklenir:

Singular Plural
a cry - cries
a fly - flies
a nappy - nappies
a poppy - poppies
a city - cities
a lady - ladies
a baby - babies

c) çoğul halleri düzensiz olan İsmler:

TEKİL	ÇOĞUL
woman	women
man	men
child	children
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
person	people
leaf	leaves
half	halves
knife	knives
wife	wives
life	lives
loaf	loaves
potato	potatoes
cactus	cacti
focus	foci
fungus	fungi
nucleus	nuclei
syllabus	syllabi/syllabuses
analysis	analyses
diagnosis	diagnoses
oasis	oases
thesis	theses
crisis	crises
phenomenon	phenomena
criterion	criteria
datum	data

d) bazı isimlerin hem tekil hemde çoğul halleri aynıdır:

Singular - Plural
sheep - sheep
fish - fish
species - species
aircraft - aircraft

e) bazı isimler hep çoğul biçimde kullanılır ve çoğul fil alırlar:

trousers : My trousers are too tight.
jeans: Her jeans are black.
glasses : Those glasses are his.

savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits

DÜZENLİ & DÜZENSİZ İSİMLERİN ÇOĞUL HALLERİ

b) box – boxes church – churches brush – brushes class - classes buzz - buzzes				Final –es is added to nouns that end in –ch, -sh, -ss, and -z
c) baby – babies party – parties city – cities poppy – poppies				*Words ending in consonant + y* take –ies as a plural suffix.**
d) man - Men	Foot- feet	Ox – oxen	Tooth – teeth	These nouns have irregular forms, so there is no specific rule.
Woman -	women	Mouse -	Mice
Child -	Children	Goose -	Geese
e) echo – echoes potato – potatoes hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes				Some nouns ending in –o take final –es.
f) auto- autos photo- photos studio – studios ghetto-ghettos piano- pianos tattoo- tattoos kilo- kilos radio –radios video – videos memo-memos solo- solos zoo- zoos soprano – sopranos kangaroo- kangaroos				Only the final –s is added to some nouns ending in – o
g) memento – mementoes/ mementos volcano- volcanoes/ volcanos zero – zeroes/ zeros mosquito- mosquitoes/ mosquitos tornado – tornadoes/ tornados				It is possible to add –es or –s to nouns in this category.
h) calf –calves life – lives thief- thieves half – halves loaf- loaves wolf – wolves knife- knives self- selves scarf – scarves shelf – shelves				Some nouns that end in –f or fe are changed to – ves to form the plural.
i) belief – beliefs cliff- cliffs chief – chiefs roof – roofs				Some nouns ending in –f are not changed and simply – s is added to form the plural.
j) deer – deer series – series means - means fish - fish sheep – sheep shrimp – shrimp offspring- offspring species – species				Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.
k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses m) formula – formulae/ formulas vertebra – vertebrae n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes index- indices/ indexes o) analysis – analyses basis – bases crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses oasis – oases thesis- theses parenthesis – parentheses p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula datum – data medium – media memorandum – memoranda				Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

k) criterion – criteria phenomenon- phenomena

l) cactus – cacti/ cactuses nucleus – nuclei
fungus- fungi stimulus – stimuli
syllabus- syllabi/ syllabuses

m) formula – formulae/ formulas
vertebra – vertebrae

n) appendix – appendices/ appendixes
index- indices/ indexes

o) analysis – analyses basis – bases
crisis – crises hypothesis- hypotheses
oasis – oases thesis- theses
parenthesis – parentheses

p) bacterium – bacteria curriculum – curricula
datum – data medium – media
memorandum – memoranda
Some nouns that English has borrowed from other languages have foreign plurals.